We suggest that gene flow among closely related species, particularly among tetraploid populations, has likely contributed to the genetic diversity levels of tetraploid lineages of Houstonia species. genodive version 3.0: Easy-to-use software for the analysis of genetic data of. In addition, we provide evidence to support previous reports that autopolyploidy is the likely mode of polyploid formation in this group. An important gene associated with Polyploidy is TP53 (Tumor Protein P53). We found that tetraploid populations were more genetically variable when compared to diploid populations and that gene flow (admixture) occurred more often among tetraploid populations than among diploids. Conventional microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) genotyping methods cannot accurately identify polyploid genotypes leading to allele dosage uncertainty, introducing biases in population. Of course Structure can also work with polyploid data, but it assumes. Here, we used microsatellite markers to measure genetic diversity and to estimate gene flow among closely related diploid and tetraploid species of the North American plant genus Houstonia section Amphiotis. Van Tienderen: (2004), GENOTYPE and GENODIVE: two programs. inbreeding coefficient (GIS, analog to FIS) in GENODIVE v.3.0 (Meirmans, 2020). Gene flow is one such mechanism that can contribute to polyploid genetic diversity. In addition, the genome complexity of polyploids is often exacerbated by. However, it is imple- mented for extension to polyploid data in GENODIVE (Table 1). Identifying the means by which polyploids become more genetically variable can advance our understanding of the evolutionary trajectories of polyploid lineages. A whole-genome dupli- cates the genetic analysis of polyploids. This is a rare pattern of mixed life-history strategies within an asexual complex.Polyploids are thought to harbor more genetic diversity than diploids, despite the genetic bottleneck they experience upon formation. In favour of a specialist model, asexual diploids are restricted to single locations and are strikingly segregated from generalist triploids and tetraploids occupying a variety of sites. We discern a pattern of geographical parthenogenesis with all clonal groups being more widespread than their closest sexuals. Polyploidy is also polyphyletic in Artemia, with triploids and tetraploids having independent origins from different sexual ancestors. Apomictic triploids and tetraploids formed two distinct groups of low genetic diversity compared with the more divergent automictic diploids. Most clones were diploid (20/31) while two and nine clones were triploid and tetraploid, respectively. Nine out of 23 populations contained clones of mixed ploidy (2 n, 3 n, 4 n). Artemia parthenogens have evolved multiple times either through hybridization or spontaneously. We applied flow cytometry, microsatellite genotyping, and mtDNA sequencing to 23 asexual populations. Parthenogenesis itself and/or polyploidy are responsible for the maintenance and spread of clones in Artemia, a sexual–asexual genus of halophilic anostracans. Yet, genetic associations with asexuality may refresh the gene pool promoting adaptation of clonal lineages polyploidy is one of them. Asexual organisms are confronted with substantial drawbacks, both immediate and delayed, threatening their evolutionary persistence.
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